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Book Review

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Root Cause Analysis

Improving Performance for Bottom-Line Results

Second Edition

Robert J. Latino and Kenneth C. Latino

Review (from Preface)

Because technology is outpacing humanity's ability to keep up with it, we are faced with a growing amount of losses.  Whether losses are measured in terms of units produced, quality of healthcare, customer satisfaction, etc., the common denominator of why our numbers do not measure up to expectation is the human being.

As corporations continue to reengineer or downsize to "trim the fat," they raise the bar on their production expectations.  Now we are faced with a paradox of having fewer people with more tasks to accomplish.  How can this be done?  The answer, and what we believe corporate America is trying to do, is reinvent the way we do work.  Doing things the way we have always done them will no longer obtain the goal.  Therefore, we must think outside the proverbial box and question, why we do the things we do and the way that we do them.

As complex as it seems in our respective environments, the answer is quite simple when we look at the big picture.  Corporations set earnings expectations, plants set production goals, or hospitals set expected profit margins;  whatever the case, they all set the bar at a certain level.  once that bar is set, all plans revolve around it.  The dilemma that we all face is where are we now compared to the bar?  The distance between our actual situation and where the corporation would like us to be is the "Gap."  The gap is composed of various undesirable outcomes, failures, incidents, events, etc.  What they all have in common is that they are siphoning money out of the corporate engine.  These events are costing organizations a fortune, and most organizations do not even know what or where these events are located.  Consider this thought, "Why does a maintenance budget exist?"  It exists to repair both expected and unexpected events.  For example, in a manufacturing plant when chronic type failures occur on a daily or weekly basis, we tend to become very good at repairing them.  They happen so often that we do not see them as a failure any more but as part of the job.  When this occurs, it is retired to the pasture of the maintenance budget and accepted as "a cost of doing business."  In essence, we will attain our goals in spite of these events.  This is a costly paradigm that is generally worth tens of hundreds of millions of dollars in accepted losses.

What if we decided we were not going to accept these small, chronic issues any more?  What if we set out to identify all the events in the gap?  What if we dedicated ourselves to understanding why error occurs and how to prevent it?  What if we were to eliminate chronic failure from occurring?  It is difficult for most to envision because it seems like it is such a distant goal.  Our people have the knowledge and the power to move our organizations to heights never imaginable, if we would just believe in them and let them soar.  This text in an effort for both management and analysts to help them fully understand why things do not always work out as planned and how to use root cause analysis to make sure they do not happen again.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Root Cause Analysis (RCA)
  The Buzzword Syndrome
  Focusing on What Is Important
  Cost versus Value
  Compliance Training
  Incident Versus Proactive RCA
  The PROACT® Method
    PReserving Event Data
    Ordering the Analysis Team
    Analyzing the Data
    The Root Causes
    Communicating Findings and Recommendations
    Tracking for Results
  Automating RCA
  RCA Knowledge Management
  Case Histories
Chapter 2  Creating the Environment for RCA to Succeed:  The Reliability Performance Process (TRPP)©
  The Role of Executive Management in RCA
  The Role of an RCA Champion
  The Role of the RCA Driver
  Setting Financial Expectations:  The Reality of the Return
Chapter 3  Failure Classification
  Problems versus Opportunities
  Sporadic versus Chronic Events
  RCA as an Approach
Chapter 4  Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA):  The Modified Approach
  Traditional FMEA
  Modified FMEA
    Step 1:  Perform Preparatory Work
    Step 2:  Collect the Data
    Step 3:  Summarize and Encode the Data
    Step 4:  Calculate Loss
    Step 5:  Determine the Significant Few
    Step 6:  Validate Results
    Step 7:  Issue a Report
Chapter 5  Enterprise Reliability Asset Management Systems (ERMS):  Automating the Modified FMEA Process
  Establish Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
  Determining Our Event Data Needs
  Establish a Workflow to Collect the Data
  Employ a Comprehensive Data Collection System
  Analyze the Digital Data
Chapter 6  The PROACT® RCA Method
  Preserving Event Data
  The Error-Change Phenomenon
  The 5-Ps Concept
    Parts
    Position
    People
    Paper
    Paradigms
Chapter 7  Ordering the Analysis Team
  Team Member Roles and Responsibilities
    The Principal Analyst (PA)
    The Associate Analyst
    The Experts
    Vendors
    Critics
  Principal Analyst Characteristics
  The Challenges of RCA Facilitation
    Bypassing the RCA Discipline and Going Straight to Conclusion
    Floundering of Team Members
    Acceptance of Opinions as Facts
    Dominating Team Members
    Reluctant Team Members
    Going Off on Tangents
    Arguing among Team Members
  Promote Listening Skills
  Team Codes of Conduct
  Team Charter
  Team Critical Success Factors (CSFs)
  Team Meeting Schedules
Chapter 8  Analyze the Data:  Introducing the Logic Tree
  Logic Tree Architecture
    The Event
    The Event Mode(s)
    The Top Box
    The Hypotheses
    Verifications of Hypotheses
    The Fact Line
    Physical Root Causes
    Human Root Causes
    Latent Root Causes
  Building the Logic Tree
  Broad and All Inclusiveness
  The Error-Change Phenomenon Applied to the Logic Tree
    Order
    Determinism
    Discoverability
  An Academic Example
  Verification Techniques
  Confidence Factors
  The Troubleshooting Flow Diagram
  The Logic Tree Applied to Criminology
Chapter 9  Communicating Findings and Recommendations
  The Recommendation Acceptance Criteria
  Developing the Recommendations
  Developing the Report
  The Final Presentation
    Have the Professionally Prepared Reports Ready and Accessible
    Strategize for the Meeting by Knowing Your Audience
    Have an Agenda for the Meeting
    Develop a Clear, Concise, Professional Presentation
    Coordinate the Media to Use in the Presentation
    Conduct Dry Runs of the Final Presentation
    Quantify Effectiveness of Meeting
    Prioritize Recommendations Based on Impact and Effort
    Determine Next Step Strategy
Chapter 10  Tracking for Results
  Getting Proactive Work Orders Accomplished in a Reactive Backlog
  Sliding the Proactive Work Scale
  Developing Tracking Metrics
  Exploiting Success
  Creating a Critical Mass
  Recognizing the Life Cycle Effects of RCA on the Organization
  Conclusion
Chapter 11  Automating Root Cause Analysis:  The Utilization of PROACT® Version 2.0
  Customizing Proact® for Our Facility
  Setting Up a New Analysis
  Automating the Preservation of Event Data
  Automating the Analysis Team Structure
  Automating the Root Cause Analysis -- Logic Tree Development
  Automating RCA Report Writing
  Automating Tracking Metrics
Chapter 12  Case Histories
  Case History 1:  ISPAT Inland, Inc. (East Chicago, IN)
    Undesirable Event
    Undesirable Event Summary
    Line Item from Modified FMEA
    Identified Root Causes
    Implemented Corrective Actions
    Effect on Bottom Line
    RCA Team Acknowledgments
    Additional RCA Team Comments
    Logic Tree
  Case History 2:  Eastman Chemical Company (Kingsport, TN)
    Undesirable Event
    Undesirable Event Summary
    Line Item from FMEA
    Identified Root Causes
    Implemented Corrective Actions
    Effect on Bottom Line
    RCA Team Acknowledgements
    Logic Tree
  Case History 3:  LYONDELL-CITGO Refining (Houston, TX)
    Undesirable Event
    Undesirable Event Summary
    Line Item from Modified FMEA
    Identified Root Causes
    Implemented Corrective Actions
    Effect on Bottom Line
    Corrective Action Time Frames
    RCA Team Statistics
    RCA Team Acknowledgements
    Additional Comments
    Logic Tree
  Case History 4:  Eastman Chemical Company (World Headquarters:  Kingsport, TN)
    Undesirable Event
    Undesirable Event Summary
    Line Item from Modified FMEA
    Specific RCA Description
    Identified Root Causes
    Implemented Corrective Actions
    Effect on Company Bottom Line
    RCA Acknowledgments
  Case History 5:  Southern Companies Alabama Power Company  (Parrish, AL)
    Undesirable Event
    Undesirable Event Summary
    Line Item from Modified FMEA
    Specific RCA Description
    Identified Root Causes
    Implemented Corrective Actions
    Effect on Company Bottom Line
    RCA Acknowledgments
    Logic Tree
  Case History 6:  Weyerhaeuser Company (Valliant, OK)
    Undesirable Event
    Undesirable Event Summary
    Line Item from Modified FMEA
    Identified Root Causes
    Implemented Corrective Actions
    Effect on Bottom Line
    RCA Team Acknowledgments
    Additional RCA Team Comments
Index